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Julian Tuwim (September 13, 1894 – December 27, 1953) (the surname comes from the Hebrew "טובים", "''tovim''", "good"), known also under the pseudonym "Oldlen" when writing song lyrics,〔.〕 was a Polish poet of Jewish descent, born in Łódź, Congress Poland (then part of the Russian Partition). He was educated in Łódź and in Warsaw where he studied law and philosophy at the Warsaw University. After Poland's return to independence in 1919 Tuwim co-founded the ''Skamander'' group of experimental poets with Antoni Słonimski and Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. He was a major figure in Polish literature, admired also for his contribution to children's literature. He was the recipient of a prestigious Golden Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature in 1935.〔( Julian Tuwim (1894-1953). ) ''Qlturka.pl.'' Europejski Fundusz Rozwoju Regionalnego. Retrieved December 12, 2011.〕 ==Life and work== Tuwim was born in Łódź, into a family of assimilated Jews. His parents Izydor and Adela, provided Julian with a comfortable middle class upbringing. He was not a particularly diligent student and had to repeat the sixth grade. In 1905 the family had to flee from Łódź to Wrocław (Breslau) in order to escape possible repercussions following Izydor's involvement in the Revolution of 1905. Initially Tuwim's poetry, even more than that of the other "Skamandrites", represented a decisive break with turn-of-the-20th-century mannerism. It was characterized by an expression of vitality, optimism, and praise of urban life. His poems celebrated introduction to the everyday life in a city, with its triviality and vulgarism. In his poems Tuwim often used vernacular language and slang as well as poetic dialogue. The collections "Czyhanie na Boga" (''In Lurking for God'' (1918)), "Sokrates tańczący" (''The Dancing Socrates'' (1920)), "Siódma jesień" (''The Seventh Autumn'' (1922)), and "Wierszy tom czwarty" (''Volume Four of Poems'' (1923)) are typical of his early work. In his later collections — "Słowa we krwi" (''Words in Blood, 1926)''), "Rzecz Czarnoleska" (''A Tale from Czarnolas'') (1929), "Biblia cygańska" (''A Gypsy Bible'' (1933)) and "Treść gorejąca" (''A Burning Matter'' (1933)) Tuwim became restless and bitter, and wrote with fervor and vehemence about the emptiness of urban existence. He also drew more heavily from romantic and classicist traditions, while perfecting his form and style, and becoming a virtuoso of word and language. From the very beginning and throughout his artistic career, Tuwim was satirically inclined. He supplied sketches and monologues to numerous cabarets. In his poetry and columns, he derided obscurantism and bureaucracy as well as militaristic and nationalistic trends in politics. His best satiric poem is regarded to be the burlesque, "Bal w Operze" (''The Ball at the Opera'', 1936). In 1918 Tuwim co-founded the cabaret, "Picador", and worked as a writer or artistic director with many other cabarets such as "Czarny kot" (''Black Cat'' 1917–1919), "Qui pro Quo" (1919–1932), "Banda" ''The Gang'' and "Stara Banda" ''The Old Gang'' (1932–1935) and finally "Cyrulik Warszawski" (''Barber of Warsaw'' 1935–1939). Since 1924 Tuwim was a staff writer at "Wiadomości Literackie" (''Literary News'') where he wrote a weekly column "Camera Obscura". He also wrote for the satirical magazine "Szpilki" (''Pins''). Tuwim displayed his caustic sense of humor and unyielding individuality in works such as "Poem in which the author politely yet firmly implores the vast hosts of his brethren to kiss his arse." Here, Tuwim systematically enumerates and caricatures various personae inhabiting European social scene of the mid-1930s -- 'perfumed café intellectuals', 'drab socialists', 'fascist jocks', 'Zionist doctors', 'repressed Catholics' and so on, and ends each stanza by asking each to perform the action indicated in the title. The poem ends with a note to the would-be censor who would surely be tempted to expunge all mention of this piece for its breach of 'public standards.' This stanza ends just like the others as the censor fulfills his role. His poem "Do prostego człowieka" (''To the Common Man''), first published on October 7, 1929 in "Robotnik" (''Workman''), started a storm of personal attacks on Tuwim, mostly from antisemitic right wing circles criticizing Tuwim's pacifistic views.〔 〕 Julian's aunt was married to Adam Czerniaków, and his uncle from his mother's side was Arthur Rubinstein. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Julian Tuwim」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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